That this is not a regular communication such as satellite communications and aircraft. Or probes, space telescopes and satellites around the Earth.
But specific to the communications
spacecraft, such as the Voyager spacecraft that flew past the planet.
Known DSN or Deep Space Networkadalah
antenna system located in 3 countries. Special function monitoring and
communications spacecraft in Earth.
Why are placed in 3 countries. Because the
position of communications antenna on Earth following the Earth's orbit and the
position will change as the earth's surface unobstructed.
DSN place in three countries, and is
handled by a team of Nasa JPL. The team is also responsible for receiving and
sending signals to the spacecraft from Nasa mission beyond.
Each position has a DSN antenna and
circular 120 degree position in 3rd place in order to create a 360-degree
angle. So as to communicate with the spacecraft can be monitored for 24 hours.
The third antenna site located in Barstow,
Madrid Spain, and Canberra, Australia.
May 2016, the DSN to communicate to the
spacecraft like
- · Dawn Spacecraft communication takes 59 minutes to one direction with a distance of 537 million km
- · Spacecraft Soho, monitors the sun takes 11 seconds with a distance of 1.68 million km
- · Spacecraft Ace, monitors the sun takes 10 seconds with a distance of 1.57 km
- · Odyssey Spacecraft who is currently on Mars
- · Spacecraft observations Stereo A to the sun is at a distance of 290 million km, takes 32 minutes
- · Spacecraft New Horizon takes 9 hours to air communication with New Horizons which was 5.21 billion away from Earth and had passed the planet Pluto
- · Spacecraft Voyager 2 is now located at a distance of 16.5 billion km from Earth Once communicate with Voyager takes 1.28 days. This spacecraft is ancient and ever since 1977 and is still active.
Each location has one antenna DSN antenna greatest, plus three other small-sized receiving antenna. Except in locations Goldstone has 5 antennas.
Each spacecraft has a signal transmission is different, of course modern spacecraft faster to send the data signal to Earth. Frequency radio communications with spacecraft safest to 8GHz frequency.
Transmission of signals from the spacecraft have weak signal strength to reach the Earth. Antennas on Earth requires a large size in order to receive the radio signal is faint / weak from the spacecraft. In contrast to the antennas on Earth, it is easier to send a signal to the spacecraft, with the power of thousands W radio signal and is not constrained by power. Both signals are received and shipped the same speed, different is the distance, the spacecraft is far away, making radio signals or data received to be very slow. Even requiring almost half to receive signals from the farthest flight as air communication with New Horizons.
DSN how fast data communication with the spacecraft.
Communication spacecraft to Earth not as a smartphone or satellite telephone communication. 1mbps speed is not passed. It is conceivable to send an image from the spacecraft, requiring many hours or possibly days and days.
Data speed 245kb / s for air Soho at frequencies 2,25Ghz
Data speeds 87,65kb / s for air Ace on the frequency 2,28Ghz
Data speeds 4,57kb / s of data can come down to 3,56kb / s for communication New Horizons is located on the planet Mars at a frequency of 8.44Ghz
Data speeds 10b / s orbiting in the asteroid Ceres. The antenna with up to 19.87 kW for air monitoring for observation Dawn asteroid. Using rekuensi 7.18Ghz. Launched in 2007, are on the planet Mars, 2009, visit Vesta, arriving at Ceres. Dawn mission has ended since the beginning of 2016
Data speed 160B / s from Voyager 2 spacecraft as the number 2 and the farthest left of this plane are still able to communicate regularly with 8,42Ghz frequency. But all communications sent and received only 1 day.
Voyager 1 was launched in 1977. There is now pushing the boundaries of space solar system, called the Interstellar region reached a distance of 20 billion km from Earth or similar 134x roundtrip from Earth to the sun. Voyager 1 is still there but in Sleep mode, or put to sleep. Because this aircraft has a very weak power and has been working since 1977. Someday Voyager 1 is automatically running back and watching what was found in the area farthest back dicapau for observation by scientists.
How communications spacecraft to Earth
Spacecraft like Voyager probes have been taking billions of km and kept away from the Earth. Satellite or researchers observing a planet even some sun.
Spacecraft sent a signal to Earth. Each spacecraft for research have an antenna with a special calibration to keep pointing toward Earth.
Sometimes the signal from the spacecraft lost (blocked), it was common and best designed such researchers. For example, when orbiting the planet Mars, when behind the direction of the planet's surface, the probe can not send a signal to Earth. But continued her task to retrieve data.
Is the antenna on the spacecraft using a powerful antenna. Modern spacecraft is now relying on a single antenna to point to a set of coordinates that a receiving antenna on Earth. According to researchers with a single antenna can send signals an aircraft more efficient and lower power, while on Earth using a larger antenna to catch the signal from the spacecraft.
Voyager has a large antenna with a diameter of 3.7 meters with a power only 23W, and received by antennas on Earth with size of 34 meters on the frequency of 8GHz. Other spacecraft antennas generally have a diameter of 2-3 meters.
An important key communications spacecraft No 3
· Big antenna size
· Directional antennas of the receiver and sender
· Frequency that is free from distractions.
Each spacecraft is
designed to do the job automatically, without the need to be ordered and
monitored from an observation center space. While receiving antenna on Earth
are made alternately, when the antenna is blocked will be replaced with an
antenna in another location
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